It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné ("France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned"). [20] Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events: "Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet.... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before.... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. [2], In Paris she started a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, but refused his marriage proposal. The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent". But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.[6]. Olympe de Gouges wrote her famous " Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen " shortly after the French constitution of 1791 was created in the same year. Schreiben im Sinne der Aufklärung Olympe de Gouges nahm sie als Künstlernamen an. [24] However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution. That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including Madame Roland and Marie-Antoinette. Clémence Bodoc, web rédactrice chez madmoizelle.com , nous décrit la « zone grise », moment où les interprétations diverses demandent l’avis de l’autre, du vis-à-vis, pour ne pas commettre une agression. Why Famous: Beginning her career as a playwright in pre-revolutionary France, Gouges became politically active after the outbreak of revolution in 1789. Olympe de Gouges défenseur officieux de Louis Capet - (December 1792) this letter written to the Convention on 16 December 1792 offering to defend Louis XVI was also produced as a placard liberally posted around Paris; it was disregarded and derided. September 1791 An die Königin Die Rechte der Frau Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin – Präambel – Artikel 1 bis 17 – Postambel Muster eines Gesellschaftsvertrages von Mann und Frau Anekdote Postskriptum The experience of French women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness. [30], American women began to refer to themselves as citess or citizeness and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom. In 1791 Gouges became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, also called the "Social Club," an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. A partir de 1770 Olympe se mudó a París, con la principal intención de que su hijo obtuviera educación de calidad. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to stir up public anger. While politically active women were executed the Convention banned all women's political associations. The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race. Gouges, Olympe de: Die Rechte der Frau und andere Schriften./ Les droits de la femme. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man. Born Marie Gouze in Montauban, France in 1748 to petite-bourgeois parents Anne Olympe Moisset Gouze, a maidservant, and her second husband, Pierre Gouze, a butcher, Marie grew up speaking Occitan (the dialect of the region). Then she took the side of the Girondins and … She was declared the daughter of Pierre Gouze, bourgeois of Montauban, master butcher - he did not sign at the baptism because he was absent - and of Anne Olympe Mouisset, daughter of a lawyer from a family of merchants, married in 1737 The latter, born in 1712, was the goddaughter of the Marquis Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (Anne's father had been Jean-Jacques' tutor), born in 1709, with whom she would have maintained a romantic relationship. [2] Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. A passionate advocate of human rights, Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when égalité (equal rights) was not extended to women. The problem was that law of the revolution made it a capital offense for anyone to publish a book or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy. It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter To the Republic of Geneva, where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" or his "brothers", and the aimables et virtueeses Citoyenne, that is the women citizens. Olympe de Gouges - Vorkämpferin für Frauenrechte – Französischen Revolution -Autorin – Theaterstücke - 1748 geboren, „Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und der Bürgerin“ (1791 -vom Revolutionstribunal am 3. Gouges said in a semi-autobiographical novel (Mémoire de Madame de Valmont contre la famille de Flaucourt), "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. She also called upon women to "shake off the yoke of shameful slavery". Wikipedia: Olympe de Gouges in der freien Enzyklopädie, Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›, Tod mit 45 Jahren am 3. Olympe de Gouges, psewdonimu ta' Marie Gouze, (Montauban, 7 ta' Mejju 1748 – Pariġi, 3 ta' Novembru 1793), kienet drammaturga Franċiża li għexet matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża.Il-kitba femminista u abolizzjonista tagħha kellha influwenza kbira. Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze; May 7, 1748–November 3, 1793) was a French writer and activist who promoted women's rights and the abolition of slavery. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. Ihre politischen Überlegungen sind von den sich überstürzenden Veränderungen der frühen Französischen Revolution geprägt, erweisen sich jedoch über den historischen Kontext hinausgehend von Bedeutung. As a woman from the province and of lowly birth she fashioned herself to fit in with the Paris establishment. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. [41] In the final act of l'Esclavage des Noirs Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: "Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty". She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. Gouges also openly attacked the notion that human rights were a reality in revolutionary France. Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! Sie muss sich ständig gegen Verleumdungen wehren und erlebt, wie ihre Stücke und Beiträge abgelehnt werden – und andere sich ihre Ideen zu eigen machen. Olympe de Gouges is considered as one of the first feminists. Olympe de Gouges, also called Marie-Olympe de Gouges, original name Marie Gouze, married name Marie Aubry, (born May 7, 1748, Montauban, France—died November 3, 1793, Paris), French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens. [16], She spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. In this position she wrote her best-known work, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. Olympe de Gouges, geboren 1748, war eine französische Revolutionärin und Frauenrechtlerin. Ihr Geburtsort ist Montauban nahe Toulose in Südfrankreich. Olympe de Gouges wurde als Marie Gouze am 07.05.1748 in Montauban, Südfrankreich, geboren. It was only in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of citoyenne to replace Madame and Mademoiselle. [28] One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution Mary Wollstonecraft published Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Such as Cry of the wise man, by a woman in response to Louis XVI calling together the Estates-General. Updated May 15, 2019. The new Républicaine was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. It will teach the Tyrants just what a people united by long oppression and enlightened by sound philosophy can do". Bild »Christine de Pizan« [M]: PD — Zeichenerklärung: [M] bearbeitet — Lizenztexte: CC BY-SA 3.0 — Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›. [40] Among other themes she wrote plays on the slave trade, divorce, marriage, debtors' prisons, children's rights, and government work schemes for the unemployed. Olympe de Gouges (rozená Marie Gouze, 7. května 1748 Montabaun– 3. listopadu 1793 Paříž) byla francouzská dramatička a spisovatelka s feministickým a demokratickým smýšlením. Olympe de Gouges, rojena Marie Gouze, francoska dramatičarka in aktivistka, * 7. maj 1748, Montauban, Francija, † 3. november 1793, Pariz.. Bila je ena izmed prvih bork za pravice žensk in njihovo enakopravnost v družbi. Olympe de Gouges, ursprungligen Marie Gouze, född 7 maj 1748 i Montauban, död genom avrättning 3 november 1793, var en fransk revolutionär. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. http://sonntagssoziologe.de Die Menschenrechte der Französischen Revolution galten ausschließlich für Männer. Mme de Gouges, die geistige Mutter der Menschenrechte für weibliche Menschen, ist die bedeutendste politische Denkerin im patriarchalen Europa: Ihre »Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin« (1791) ist ein bis heute unübertroffen scharfsinniges Dokument konsequenten Widerstandes gegen die »Erklärung der Männer- und Bürgerrechte« (1789), verfasst von Bürgern und Hausvätern. However, it was rumored that de Gouges's mother, who reportedly was a beautiful women … [23] Lacombe, Léon and Theroigne de Mericourt had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets. That piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. A Biography of Olympe de Gouges. In the public letter Remarques Patriotique from December 1788 Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that "This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good". Požadovala pro ženy stejná práva, jaká si během Velké francouzská revoluce chtěli vydobýt muži. "[32] Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by Helen Maria Williams and Leonora Sansay. Politically, Olympe de Gouges supported King Louis XVI, during his trial. With the support of Rozières she established a theatre company. [2] Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical salons of Paris, where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. She was possibly the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Caix (the Marquis de Pompignan), himself a man of letters and a playwright (among whose claims to fame in… The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. Republicans discussed civic virtue in terms of patriotic manliness (la vertu mâle et répub-licaine). In her letters she articulated the values of the Enlightenment, and commented on how they may be put into practice, such as civic virtue, universal rights, natural rights and political rights. Sie war eine der jüngeren Töchter des kleinbürgerlichen Ehepaares Anne-Olympe und Pierre Gouze, ihr leiblicher Vater war jedoch vermutlich Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Pompignan. [39], Gouges signed her pamphlets with citoyenne. In the same year Gouges penned Letter to Citizen Robespierre, which Robespierre refused to answer. Biografie: Olympe de Gouges, eigentlich Marie Gouze, war eine Revolutionärin, Frauenrechtlerin, Schriftstellerin und Autorin von Theaterstücken im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. [15], After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. Like other pamphlet writers in revolutionary France, she spoke from the margins and spoke of her experience as a citizen, with a desire to influence the ongoing public debate. Mai 1748 in Montauban; † 3. It seems as though the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to represent herself in her writings. The anti-imperial Irish Rebellion of 1798 was whipped up by Anglo-Irish women such as Maria Edgeworth, but the quest of Catholics for political rights was brutally suppressed by the British military. [4] For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery, she argued that "Men everywhere are equal… Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects". Born Marie Gouze she first adopted the name Olympe de Gouges for her early plays. Sie schrieb vor allem Theaterstücke. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform. "[7], This was followed by her Contrat Social ("Social Contract," named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. The facts about her true parentage are somewhat vague, and de Gouges herself contributed to the confusion by encouraging rumors about her illegitimacy. Dieser gehörte einem ortsansässigen Adelsgeschlecht an, ging aber bald nach der Geburt Maries nach Paris, wo er sich als Literat einen Namen machte und an di… Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. Gouges was defiant, she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." [12] In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. When they could not find any in her home, she voluntarily led them to the storehouse where she kept her papers. [29] Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. [31] At the 1848 Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, the rhetorical style of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the Declaration of Independence into the Declaration of Sentiments,[33] which demanded women's right to vote. She was an advocate for abolishing slaves in the colonies, but is best known for her work as an early feminist writer. 2007 French presidential contender Ségolène Royal expressed the wish that Gouges' remains be moved to the Panthéon. Britannica Explores. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. [34], After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter, denying his endorsement for her political legacy. [46], As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. It is commonly believed that she was born and raised in a modest family, the daughter of Pierre Gouze, a butcher, and Anne Olympe Moisset, a maidservant. Olympe de Gouges (eigentlich Marie Gouze; * 7. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in France "The power of one Master alone is in the hands of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under foot. Her stance against the slavery in the French colonies made her the target of threats. Von Frauenfeinden bösartig diffamiert, von Repub… Juli 1793 wurde auf der Brücke Saint-Michel in Paris Olympe de Gouges verhaf­tet, als sie zusam­men mit dem Buchhänd­ler-Verle­ger Costard und dem Plaka­tie­rer Trottier ein Plakat anbrin­gen wollte mit dem Titel: „Les trois urnes ou le salut de la patrie, par un voyager aérien“. In her open letter to Marie-Antoinette, Gouges declared: "I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice. Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. "[3] Her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to Paris with her son to live with her sister. Zitiert nach: Olympe de Gouges, Schriften, Frankfurt 1980, S. 41ff, übersetzt von Monika Dillier. Gouges had acquired the position for him by paying 1,500 livres. "[21], Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. Leta 1791 je izdala eno njenih najodmevnejših del Deklaracijo o pravicah ženske in državljanke, v kateri je opozarjala na spolno neenakost v francoski družbi. [2], In 1765 aged 16 she was married against her will to Louis Aubry, a caterer. 1783-1793 Theaterstücke, Romane und politische Schriften, die die politische Umsetzung der Aufklärung veranschaulichen. Despite this she expresses loyalty for the ministers Jacques Necker and Charles Alexandre de Calonne. The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearing Phrygian bonnets, reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". [14], As the Revolution progressed, she became more and more vehement in her writings. Transaction Publ, 2006. Under the specious mask of republicanism, her enemies have brought me remorselessly to the scaffold."[18]. [42], In November 1788 she published her first political brochure, a manifesto entitled Letter to the people, or project for a patriotic fund. On 2 June 1793, the Jacobins of the Montagnard faction arrested prominent Girondins, imprisoned them, and sent them to the guillotine in October. A number of her plays were published and some are extant. Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. Furthermore active citizenship was two-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for public office. Olympe de Gouges verfasste in der Zeit von ca. A record of her papers which were seized in 1793, at the time of her execution, lists about 40 plays. In other writings she attacked slavery and the death penalty, and argued in favour of divorce. [10], Gouges opposed the execution of Louis XVI of France (which took place on 21 January 1793), partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she favored constitutional monarchy. In pre-revolutionary France there were no citizens, an author was the subject of the king. [44], Gouges was not the only feminists who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France. While it was common in France to equate political oppression to slavery, this was an analogy and not an abolitionist sentiment. The presiding judge denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. But in revolutionary France there were only citoyen. [38] Gouges signed her public letters with citoyenne, the feminised version of citizen. [16], Her son Pierre Aubry was suspended from his office as vice-general and head of battalion after her arrest. [45], In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". [36] Although she was a celebrity in her lifetime and a prolific author, Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography by Olivier Blanc in the mid 1980s.[37]. The actress Véronique Genest read an excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her Letter to Louis XVI in 1792. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. Sie kann als eine der ersten Frauenrechtlerinnen bezeichnet werden. One of the slave protagonist explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. [26] 1793 marked the start of the Reign of Terror in post-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. [8] Gouges did not approve of violent revolution, and published l'Esclavage des Noirs with a preface in 1792, arguing that the slaves and the free people who responded to the horrors of slavery with "barbaric and atrocious torture" in turn justified the behavior of the tyrants. In her letter she argued that he had been duped–that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed. [13], Gouges was associated with the Gironde faction, who were targeted by the more radical Montagnard faction. [17] On 2 November 1793 she wrote to him: "I die, my dear son, a victim of my idolatry for the fatherland and for the people. But like the writings of Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne de Mericourt, Claire Lacombe and Marquis de Condorcet, her arguments fell on deaf ears. Her most famous work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. She believed that she was the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. Across the Atlantic world observers of the French Revolution were shocked, but the ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité had taken a life of their own. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as Flora Tristan. [43], Gouges wrote her famous Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen shortly after the French Constitution of 1791 was ratified by King Louis XVI, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette. Olympe de Gouges, pseudónimo de Marie Gouze, nada en Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) o 7 de maio de 1748 e finada en París o 3 de novembro de 1793, foi unha escritora e abolicionista francesa, coñecida polas súas dúas obras máis famosas: A escravitude dos negros (1786) e a Declaración dos dereitos da muller e da cidadá ().